Evaluation of Altered Oral Changes in Covid-19 PCR Positive Cases- A Cross Sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52206/jsmc.2024.14.4.956Abstract
Background: The Coronavirus Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 had rapid and worldwide transmission, which resulted in a significant number of fatalities. The virus is known to spread through close contact via exposure to infected droplets and aerosols, and it can infect cells in the upper respiratory tract. However, it was unclear whether the virus directly infects the tissues of the oral cavity and alter oral physiology, resulting in oral symptoms in many COVID-19 patients.
Objective: The present study was performed to evaluate the altered oral changes in covid-19 PCR positive cases.
Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out in 211 PCR confirmed patients of SARS-CoV-2. Data was collected using a digital questionnaire for each patient. Saliva was collected through “passive drool” procedure. Both direct samples and extracted RNA were used for qRT-PCR targeting the conserved region of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, the N and ORF1ab genes. Descriptive statistics were computed
Results: There were 211 confirmed patients of COVID-19, out of which 146 (69%) were male and 65 (31%) were female. Regarding oral symptoms in COVID-19 positive patients, Xerostomia and Amblygeustia were commonly reported, with 87% and 90.5% of patients experiencing these symptoms, respectively. Acute parotitis was also reported by 49(23%) patients, indicating that it may be a potential oral symptom of COVID-19.
Conclusion: This study concludes that xerostomia (87%) and amblygeustia(90.5%) are common oral symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, and acute parotitis(23%) is also a potential oral symptom.
Keywords: Amblygeustia, COVID-19, Oral, Parotitis, Xerostomia.
References
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J et al. A novel corona virus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(8):727-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(4):401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678
Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117(26):14857-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009637117
Rehman SU, Shafique L, Ihsan A, Liu Q. Evolutionary trajectory for the emergence of novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens. 2020;9(3):240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030240
Lupia T, Scabini S, Pinna SM, Di Perri G, De Rosa FG, Corcione S. 2019 novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) outbreak: A new challenge. Journal of global antimicrobial resistance. 2020;21:22-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.021
World Health Organization. COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update, edition 134, 16 March 2023.
Corchuelo J, Ulloa FC. Oral manifestations in a patient with a history of asymptomatic COVID-19: Case report. International journal of infectious diseases. 2020;100:154-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.071
Ahn JH, Kim J, Hong SP, Choi SY, Yang MJ, Ju YS et al. Nasal ciliated cells are primary targets for SARS-CoV-2 replication in the early stage of COVID-19. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2021;131(13). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI148517
Jung BK, An YH, Jang JJ, Jeon JH, Jang SH, Jang H. The human ACE-2 receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 express on the viral surface of the Newcastle disease virus as a non-replicating viral vector vaccine candidate. PloS one. 2022;17(2): e0263684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263684
Wang Y, Kang H, Liu X, Tong Z. Combination of RT-qPCR testing and clinical features for diagnosis of COVID-19 facilities management of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(6): 538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25721
Elamrousy WAH, Nassar M, Issa DR. Prevalence of Oral Lesions in COVID-19 Egyptian Patients. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2021;11(6):712-720. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_221_21
Ejaz R, Ashraf MT, Qadeer S, Irfan M, Azam A, Butt S, et al. Gender-based incidence, recovery period, and mortality rate of COVID-19 among the population of district Attock, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2021;83:e249125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.249125
Guggenheimer J, Moore PA. Xerostomia: etiology, recognition and treatment. The journal of the american dental association. 2003;134(1):61-9; quiz 118-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0018
Tsuchiya H. Characterization and Pathogenic Speculation of Xerostomia Associated with COVID-19: A narrative review. Dentistry journal. 2021;9(11):130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9110130
Doceda MV, Gavriiloglou M, Petit C, Huck O. Oral Health Implications of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry. 2022;20(1):207-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.b2960801
Riad A, Kassem I, Badrah M, Klugar M. Acute parotitis as a presentation of COVID-19? Oral Diseases. 2022;28 Suppl 1:968-969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13571
Fisher J, Monette DL, Patel KR, Kelley BP, Kennedy M. COVID-19 associated parotitis. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021;39:254.e1-254.e3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.059
Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, Li X, Deng X, Geng Z, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and characterization of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Cell Proliferation. 2020;53(12):e12923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12923
Mortazavi H, Rezaeifar K, Nasrabadi N. Oral manifestations of coronavirus disease-19: A mini- review. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;8(T1):286-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4999
Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the corona virus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology. 2020;277(8):2251-2261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1
Mortazavi H, Safi Y, Baharvand M, Rahmani S. Diagnostic Features of Common Oral Ulcerative Lesions: An Updated Decision Tree. International journal of dentistry. 2016;2016:7278925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7278925
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 The authors retain the copyrights. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website), as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Readers may “Share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format” and “Adapt-remix, transform, and build upon the material”. The readers must give appropriate credit to the source of the material and indicate if changes were made to the material. Readers may not use the material for commercial purpose. The readers may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.