The Barriers and Solution to Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Medical Education: A Qualitative Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52206/jsmc.2024.14.4.957Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Medical Education, Adoption, ChallengesAbstract
Background: Nowadays, AI adoption, in medical education is growing rapidly. Studies have been conducted on various aspects of AI in medical education, however, in the context of its challenges and solutions faced with AI adoption is rarely explored through qualitative approaches. It is necessary to know the barriers and remedies for AI utilization in medical education.
Objectives: This study explores potential barriers and solutions to AI adoption in medical education.
Materials and Methods: Based on Giorgi's phenomenological approach, this qualitative study explored an in-depth understanding of AI adoption in medical education through in-depth interviews from March to April 2024. By purposive sampling, sixteen participants across famous medical institutions of Pakistan were interviewed, and data collection was stopped upon saturation.
Results: A total of 16 participants belonging to different cadres of undergraduate medical colleges of Pakistan were interviewed for the current study. A total of 219 quotations from the transcripts resulted in three main themes with subsequent subthemes (total 13), i.e. perceptions of AI in medical education with three subthemes, barriers to AI adoption with seven subthemes and conjoint solutions to barriers having three subthemes.
Conclusion: AI adoption in medical education is evolving healthcare globally. Nevertheless, there are barriers like the complexity of AI, lack of technical skills for using AI, and scarcity of resources that hinder its utilization in medical education. Moreover, ethical concerns and the specific guidelines that attract investors are among other challenges. Countermeasures like improving technical infrastructure and faculty development initiatives through collaboration among policymakers, administrators, and teaching faculty can overcome the barriers.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Adoption, Challenges, Medical Education.
References
Mintz Y, Brodie R. Introduction to artificial intelligence in medicine. Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies, MITAT: official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. 2019 Apr;28(2):73-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645706.2019.1575882
Russell S, Norvig P. Artificial Intelligence_ A Modern Approach. 4th ed. 2016;
Topol EJ. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nature medicine. 2019 Jan;25(1):44-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7
Fujimori R, Liu K, Soeno S, Naraba H, Ogura K, Hara K, et al. Acceptance, Barriers, and Facilitators to Implementing Artificial Intelligence-Based Decision Support Systems in Emergency Departments: Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation. JMIR formative research. 2022 Jun;6(6):e36501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/36501
Qattan M, Demonacos C, Krstic-Demonacos M. Roadmap to personalized medicine. Croatian medical journal. 2012 Aug;53(4):29-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2012.53.294
Cook DA, Hatala R, Brydges R, Zendejas B, Szostek JH, Wang AT, et al. Technology-enhanced simulation for health professions education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Sep;306(9):978-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1234
Chan KS, Zary N. Applications and Challenges of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Integrative Review. JMIR Med Educ. 2019 Jun;5(1):e13930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/13930
Zarei M, Eftekhari Mamaghani H, Abbasi A, Hosseini MS. Application of artificial intelligence in medical education: A review of benefits, challenges, and solutions. Medicina Clínica Práctica. 2024;7(2):1004-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcpsp.2023.1004-22
Murdoch B. Privacy and artificial intelligence: challenges for protecting health information in a new era. BMC medical ethics. 2021 Sep;22(1):122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-021-00687-3
Shankar PR. Artificial Intelligence in Health Professions Education. Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022; 10(2):256-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/amhs.amhs_234_22
Sun L, Yin C, Xu Q, Zhao W. Artificial intelligence for healthcare and medical education: a systematic review. American journal of translational research. 2023;15(7):4820-8.
Nagi F, Salih R, Alzubaidi M, Shah H, Alam T, Shah Z, et al. Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medical Education: A Scoping Review. Studies in health technology and informatics. 2023 Jun;305:648-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI230581
Chomutare T, Tejedor M, Svenning TO, Marco-Ruiz L, Tayefi M, Lind K, et al. Artificial Intelligence Implementation in Healthcare: A Theory-Based Scoping Review of Barriers and Facilitators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Dec 6;19(23):16359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316359
Lang J, Repp H. Artificial intelligence in medical education and the meaning of interaction with natural intelligence - an interdisciplinary approach. GMS journal for medical education. 2020;37(6):Doc59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3205/zma001352
Mir MM, Mir GM, Raina NT, Mir SM, Mir SM, Miskeen E, et al. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Journal of advances in medical education & professionalism. 2023 Jul;11(3):133-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30476/JAMP.2023.98655.1803
Turner R. Diffusion of Innovations, 5th edition, Everett M. Rogers. Free Press, New York, NY (2003), 551 pages. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology. 2007 Dec 31;14:776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2007.07.001
Paranjape K, Schinkel M, Nannan Panday R, Car J, Nanayakkara P. Introducing Artificial Intelligence Training in Medical Education. JMIR medical education. 2019 Dec;5(2):e16048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/16048
Fazakarley CA, Breen M, Thompson B, Leeson P, Williamson V. Beliefs, experiences and concerns of using artificial intelligence in healthcare: A qualitative synthesis. Digital health. 2024;10:20552076241230076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241230075
Giorgi AP, Giorgi BM. The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2003. p. 243-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10595-013
Giorgi A. The Descriptive Phenomenological Psychological Method. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology. 2012;43(1):312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156916212X632934
Willig C. Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology. Adventures in theory and method. 2nd ed. Berkshire, UK: University Press / McGraw Hill Education; 2008. 5672
Allen MR, Webb S, Mandvi A, Frieden M, Tai-Seale M, Kallenberg G. Navigating the doctor-patient-AI relationship - a mixed-methods study of physician attitudes toward artificial intelligence in primary care. BMC Primary Care. 2024;25(1):42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-024-02282-y
Ejaz H, McGrath H, Wong BLH, Guise A, Vercauteren T, Shapey J. Artificial intelligence and medical education: A global mixed-methods study of medical students' perspectives. DIGITAL HEALTH. 2022;8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221089099
Davenport T, Kalakota R. The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Vol. 6, Future healthcare journal. England; 2019. 948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94
Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. The Milbank quarterly. 2004;82(4):581629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x
Khan B, Fatima H, Qureshi A, Kumar S, Hanan A, Hussain J, et al. Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence and Their Potential Solutions in the Healthcare Sector. Biomedical materials & devices (New York, NY). 2023 Feb;18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-023-00063-2
Grunhut J, Marques O, Wyatt ATM. Needs, Challenges, and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education Curriculum. JMIR medical education. 2022 Jun;8(2):e35587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/35587
Pupic N, Ghaffari-Zadeh A, Hu R, Singla R, Darras K, Karwowska A, et al. An evidence-based approach to artificial intelligence education for medical students: A systematic review. PLOS digital health. 2023 Nov;2(11):e0000255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000255
Shevtsova D, Ahmed A, Boot IWA, Sanges C, Hudecek M, Jacobs JJL, et al. Trust in and Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Medicine: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR human factors. 2024 Jan;11:e47031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/47031
Dumiæ-Èule I, Oreškoviæ T, Brkljaèiæ B, Kujundžiæ Tiljak M, Oreškoviæ S. The importance of introducing artificial intelligence to the medical curriculum - assessing practitioners' perspectives. Croatian medical journal. 2020 Oct;61(5):457-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2020.61.457
Ngo B, Nguyen D, vanSonnenberg E. The Cases for and against Artificial Intelligence in the Medical School Curriculum. Radiology Artificial intelligence. 2022 Sep;4(5):e220074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.220074
Briganti G, Le Moine O. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Today and Tomorrow. Frontiers in medicine. 2020;7:27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00027
Masters K. Artificial intelligence in medical education. Medical teacher. 2019 Sep;41(9):97680.
Weidener L, Fischer M. Teaching AI Ethics in Medical Education: A Scoping Review of Current Literature and Practices. Perspectives on medical education. 2023;12(1):399410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pme.954
Wiljer D, Salhia M, Dolatabadi E, Dhalla A, Gillan C, Al-Mouaswas D, et al. Accelerating the Appropriate Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: Protocol for a Multistepped Approach. JMIR research protocols. 2021 Oct;10(10):e30940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/30940
Masters K. Ethical use of Artificial Intelligence in Health Professions Education: AMEE Guide No. 158. Medical teacher. 2023 Jun;45(6):574-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2023.2186203
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 The authors retain the copyrights. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website), as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Readers may “Share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format” and “Adapt-remix, transform, and build upon the material”. The readers must give appropriate credit to the source of the material and indicate if changes were made to the material. Readers may not use the material for commercial purpose. The readers may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
