In Vitro Assessment of Fibroin Silk Incorporated Glass Ionomer Cement for Solubility
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52206/jsmc.2025.15.2.900Abstract
Background: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is widely used in restorative dentistry due to its biocompatibility and fluoride-releasing properties. Incorporating silk fibroin into GIC has shown promise for enhancing its mechanical properties and reducing solubility, potentially improving its clinical performance.
Objective: This study aimed to compare the solubility of commercially available glass ionomer cement (control) with GIC modified with silk fibroin at 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Sardar Begum Dental College and Hospital – Peshawar. Specimens were prepared according to ISO guidelines using silk fibroin incorporated at 1%, 3%, and 5% concentrations by weight, mixed through a ball milling process. Solubility tests were performed by immersing specimens in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 16.0, with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test used to determine significant differences (p < 0.05).
Results: Mean solubility values for the control group (Group A) were 0.000050 µg/mm³, while 1% silk fibroin (Group B) showed 0.000056 µg/mm³. The 3% silk fibroin group (Group C) demonstrated the lowest solubility at 0.000028 µg/mm³, while 5% silk fibroin (Group D) exhibited the highest solubility at 0.000084 µg/mm³. One-way ANOVA confirmed significant differences among the groups (F = 32.159, p < 0.001), with Tukey's HSD test revealing significant reductions in solubility in Group C compared to Groups A and B (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Incorporating 3% silk fibroin significantly reduced the solubility of GIC, indicating its suitability for improved dental applications. Further studies should optimize fibroin concentrations for broader clinical use.
Keywords: Dental materials, Glass ionomer cement, Silk fibroin, Solubility.
References
Elmenshawy MZ, El-Haliem HA, Mowafy AM, Hamama HH. Effect of ethanolic extract of propolis on antibacterial and microshear bond strength of glass-ionomer restorations to dentin. Heliyon. 2024 Jan 15;10(1) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23710
Lohbauer U. Dental glass ionomer cements as permanent filling materials? -Properties, limitations and future trends. Materials (Basel). 2010;3(1):76–96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3010076
Showkat I, Chaudhary S, Sinha AA, Manuja N, Telgi CR, Priya N, et al. Comparative evaluation of flexural strength of conventional glass ionomer cement and glass ionomer cement modified with chitosan, titanium dioxide nanopowder and nanohydroxyapatite: an in vitro study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2023 Aug;16(Suppl 1):S72. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2617
Bethapudy DR, Bhat C, Lakade L, Chaudhary S, Kunte S, Patil S. Comparative evaluation of water sorption, solubility, and microhardness of zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, and type IX glass ionomer restorative materials: an in vitro study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2022 Mar;15(2):175. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2364
Malagon IC, Hernandez BC, Hernandez EM, Serna-Munoz C, Perez-silva A, Ortiz-Ruiz AJ. Analysis of the porosity and microhardness of glass ionomer cements. Materials Science. 2022 Feb 18;28(1):113-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.28198
Agrawal I, Katge F, Patil D, Pradhan D, Nisar P. Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of three different glass ionomer cement (conventional, zirconium-reinforced and advanced glass hybrid) in primary molars: an in vitro study. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2023 Aug;24(4):491-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-023-00817-y
Nanavati K, Katge F, Chimata VK, Pradhan D, Kamble A, Patil D. Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of bioactive restorative material, zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement and conventional glass ionomer cement to the dentinal surface of primary molars: an in vitro study. Journal of Dentistry. 2021 Dec;22(4):260. https://doi.org/10.30476/DENTJODS.2021.87115.1230
Meinel L, Betz O, Fajardo R, Hofmann S, Nazarian A, Cory E, et al. Silk based biomaterials to heal critical sized femur defects. Bone. 2006;39(4):922–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.04.019
Jaiswal KK, Banerjee I, Mayookha VP. Recent trends in the development and diversification of sericulture natural products for innovative and sustainable applications. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2021 Feb 1;13:100614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100614
Bahrami-Abadi M, Khaghani M, Monshi A, Doostmohammadi A, Alizadeh S. Reinforcement of Glass Ionomer Cement: Incorporating with Silk Fiber. J Adv Mater Process. 2016;4(3):14–21. Sibal GK. Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Various Glass Ionomer Cements to Dentin of Primary Teeth: An in vitro Study . Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016;9(3):192–6. https://www.sid.ir/fileserver/je/1011620160302
Eweis AH, Yap AUJ, Yahya NA. Impact of dietary solvents on flexural properties of bulk-fill composites. Saudi Dent J. 2018;30(3):232–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.04.002
Johnbosco C, Zschoche S, Nitschke M, Hahn D, Werner C, Maitz MF. Bioresponsive StarPEG-Heparin Hydrogel Coatings on Vascular Stents for Enhanced Hemocompatibility. Mater Sci Eng C. 2021, 128, 112268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112268
Kumar Sahi A, Gundu S, Kumari P, Klepka T, Sionkowska A. Silk-based biomaterials for designing bioinspired microarchitecture for various biomedical applications. Biomimetics. 2023 Jan 28;8(1):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010055
Vidyasagarª VM, Vermab RK. Drilling performance investigation of biopolymer nanocomposite modified by graphene nanoplatelet. In Challenges and Opportunities in Industrial and Mechanical Engineering: A Progressive Research Outlook: Proceedings of the International Conference on Progressive Research in Industrial & Mechanical Engineering (PRIME 2021), August 05-07, 2021, Patna, India 2024 Jun 24 (p. 327). CRC Press.
Magoshi J, Mizuide M, Magoshi T, Takahashi K, Kubo M, Nakamura S. Physical properties and structure of silk - 6. Conformational changes in silk fibroin induced by immersion in water at 2 to 130 degree c. J Poly m Sci Poly m Phys Ed.1979;17(3): 515–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.180170315
Li J, Li Y, Lu S, Zhang J, Zhang C, Xiong L. Dual- Performance Optimized Silks from Ultra-Low Dose Polymer Dots Feeding and Its Absorption, Distribution and Excretion in the Silkworms. Advanced Fiber Materials. 2022 Aug;4(4):845-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-022-00147-6
Mo C, Wu P, Chen X, Shao Z. The effect of water on the conformation transition of Bombyx mori silk fibroin. Vib Spectrosc. 2009;51(1):105–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2008.11.004
Malagon IC, Hernandez BC, Hernandez EM, Serna- Munoz C, Perez-silva A, Ortiz-Ruiz AJ. Analysis of the porosity and microhardness of glass ionomer cements. Materials Science. 2022 Feb 18;28(1):113-9. https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.28198
Wang HY, Zhang YQ, Wei ZG. Dissolution and processing of silk fibroin for materials science. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2021 Apr 3;41(3):406-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2020.1853030
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 The authors retain the copyrights. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website), as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Readers may “Share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format” and “Adapt-remix, transform, and build upon the material”. The readers must give appropriate credit to the source of the material and indicate if changes were made to the material. Readers may not use the material for commercial purpose. The readers may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
